Answer
In ancient and
medieval period there was no concept of International Relation. In this period,
the people always try to dominate others. It means that the relation among the
states was completely hostile. No one expects the existing of others. After a
long time, this type of brutal concept had been replaced the dictator of the
states. In 15th Century many leaders around the world had established a
peaceful relationship with others. They started to send Diplomatic Ambassadors
to others. From that the concept of International relation had been aroused
among nation. Now-a-days International Relation has become an important topic
for the people of the world.
What is
International Relation
International
Relations (IR) (occasionally referred to as International
Studies (IS)) [1] is the study of relationships
between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental
organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental
organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both
an academic and public policy field, and can be
either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as
well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is
often considered a branch of political science(especially after
1988 UNESCO nomenclature), but an important sector
of academia prefer to treat it as an interdisciplinary field of
study. So we can say it that International Relation means the official contract
among the government of independent countries.
Apart from political
science, IR draws upon such diverse fields
as economics, history, international
law, philosophy, geography, social work, sociology &
social sciences, anthropology, psychology,women's studies/gender
studies, and cultural studies / culturology. It involves a
diverse range of issues including but not limited
to: globalization, state
sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic
development, global finance, terrorism, organized
crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human
rights.
“The World Book of
Encyclopedia” has prescribed it that,
“The term
international relation also refers to other kinds of international contacts
besides relations among governance. This co-operations(business that operate
into or more countries) and such world-wide programs as the Red-Cross and the
United Nations children fund. International relations also involves such
activities as the flow of trade and the movement people between countries.”
At present, all
nations need to communicate with others because the well-fare of their own
citizens. Without a good relation a poor nation will never be able to send
labor in any developing country. On the other hand, there are some problems in
this world which are bothered by the all states like environmental problem,
AIDS, Drug addiction, Illiteracy and many other things. All nations around the
world should come forward to remove this problem together by creating a good
relationship among the nations and this type of relationship is called
International Relation.
The history of
international relations is often traced back to the Peace of
Westphalia of 1648, where the modern state system was developed. Prior to
this, the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a
vaguely hierarchical religious order.
Terminological
Definition
Professor Quincy
Wright says,
“International
relations are concerned with the study of the behavior of group of major
importance in the life of the world.”
Professor Pamar and
Parkins says,
“The study of
international relations like the world community itself is in translation.”
Professor Adi
H says,
“The study of
international relations is mainly concerned with the study of actions,
re-actions and interactions among certain entities usually national states.”
After mentioning the
definitions of International Relation we can say it that the relationship among
the different states is International Relation.
Method of maintenance
of International Relation:
The countries maintain
the peaceful International Relations by a number of methods, including the use
of diplomacy, Treaties, International Organization and following International
Law.
The leaders of around
the world know it that it is essential to maintain peaceful relation with
others. Otherwise, they will be destroyed like many civilization of past.
Everyone has started to realize it after World War II. So that’s why they began
to create peaceful relations among of them. At presence, all leaders of the
countries are aware of the method of peaceful relation. The methodology of
peaceful relation has been given below:
1. 1. Diplomacy:
Diplomacy is a
total task of resolving problems among states through officially recognized
represents. From the beginning one state appoints diplomat to another state to
enrich relations between the states. These diplomats continue daily relation
accomplish pact, achieve expatriate facilities, and resolve different crisis’s.
They resolve the disputes between the two states through negotiation.
Ambassadors and other diplomats carry on day to day relations between their
government and the government of the country in which they serve. They arrange
treaties, protect the rights of citizens who are abroad and work to gain
political advantages for their government. Each and every government has a
separate foreign ministry for the maintenance of diplomatic relation. Foreign
affair ministry appoints the diplomats for each country. Sometimes foreign
affairs send special diplomats and ambassadors to negotiate the disputes
between two countries. For example, Henry .A Kisisinger carried out several
important diplomatic assignments for president Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973.
During that time he served as Nixon’s assistant for national security affairs.
1. 2. International summit,
conference and organization:
One of the most
important processes to uphold international relations is to arrange
international conferences and joining in several international organizations.
International problems may involve many countries for several disagreements may
have to be settled at the same time. To deal with such problems governments may
send representatives to an International conference. For example, the United
Nation has sponsored a series of meetings in order to draw up an international
treaty governing the development and protection of the oceans. In the
same case, two or more heads of government may hold a summit conference.
President Jimmy Carter held such a conference in 1978 with Egyptian and Israeli
leaders at Camp David in Mary land. President Bill Clinton held a conference
between the leaders of Palestine and Israel in 1993. The United
Nations (UN) is an international organization that
describes itself as a "global association
of governments facilitating co-operation in international
law, international security, economic development, and social
equity"; It is the most prominent international institution. The security
Council is the main peace-keeping agency of of the UN. The council also may ask
UN members to furish military forces to settle an international dispute. Many
of the legal institutions follow the same organizational structure as the UN
such as, African Union, ASEAN, Arab League, CIS, European Union, G8, G20,
League of Nations, Organization of American States
Economic institutions:The World Bank headquarters
inWashington, D.C. Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, Inter-American
Development Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade
Organization
International legal
bodies
Human rights :Human Rights Committee, Inter-American Court
of Human Rights, International Criminal Court, International Criminal Tribunal
for Rwanda, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ,United
Nations Human Rights Council
Legal: African Court of Justice, European Court of
Justice, International Court of Justice, International Tribunal for the Law of
the Sea
Regional security arrangements: NATO E-3A flying with USAF F-16sin a NATO
exercise, CSCAP, GUAM, Maritime security regime, NATO,
SCO, SAARC, UNASUR
1. 3. Treaties: A treaty is a formal agreement made by
national governments. The agreement may be bilateral (signed by two countries)
or multilateral (signed by more than two countries). Only official
representatives of the independent countries may draw up a treaty. Many
treaties have been signed among many nations. Some examples of famous treaties
have been given below:
1958
979
1994
1994
2000
2002
Year
Name
Summary
628
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Between Muslims and
the Quraish.
638
Treaty of Ili river
Between Eastern
Turks and the Western Turks (Onok).
651
The Bakt
Between Nubia and Egypt.
1237
Treaty of York
A feudal agreement
between Henry III of England and Alexander III of Scotland.
1244
Treaty of Almizra[13]
Establishes the
borders of the Kingdom of Valencia.
Treaty of Jativa
Permits
the Moors of Spain to hold on to the Castle of Jativa for
two years before relinquishing it to King Jaime I of Aragon.
1245
Al-Azraq Treaty
Between the
King Jaime I of Aragon and
the Muslim commander Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al
Sahuir.
1907
Treaty of Union
Unites the Kingdoms
of England and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great
Britain.
1949
North Atlantic
Treaty[165]
Establishes NATO,
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
1947
General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade[163]
Establishes
international trade rules.
1947
Paris Peace Treaties
Formally ends World
War II.
1950
Liaquat-Nehru Pact
Between Pakistani
Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and Indian Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
1953
Korean
War Armistice Agreement[172]
Ended the fighting
between the United Nations Command and the Korean People's
Army & PRC People's Liberation Army.
1955
1978
1994
2000
2001
Warsaw Pact[177]
Alliance of Central
and Eastern European communist states.
1958 US-UK Mutual
Defence Agreement
Bilateral treaty
between the United States and the United Kingdom on nuclear weapons
cooperation.
Israel-Egypt Peace
Treaty
Israel and Egypt agree
to mutually recognize each other; Israel agrees to withdraw its troops from
the Sinai Peninsula in return for Israeli ships to gain free passage
through the Suez Canal.
Israel-Jordan
Peace Treaty[218]
Normalizes relations
between Israel and Jordan and resolves territorial disputes between them.
Treaty of Jedda
Resolves a border
dispute between Saudi Arabia and Yemen that dates backs to Saudi
boundary claims made in 1934.
ASEAN Agreement on
Transboundary Haze Pollution
Between ASEAN nations
to bring haze pollution under control in Southeast Asia.
International treaties
have played a vital role for the maintenance of good relation among the states
of all over the world.
1. 4. International Law:
International Law
consists of rules that governments are expected to observe in their relations
with one-another. Some rules have developed through custom,. Others have been
established in treaties. In earlier day, international law meant as laws of
governing states. The hisroty of international law is not modern, it is also
ancient. Many customs, religious rules, doctrine of different nations,
treaties, research of the exparts and many other things are the part of
International Law. Caliph Harunur Rashid defines international law as those
body of rules which not only deal with states in relation to each other but
also a body of rules that deal with inter-governmental organization and individuals.
The International laws may trace back to divine and natural laws. A large
number of European authors also made substantial contribution for the
development of international law. International law deals with such matters as
the rights of people travelling abroad and the rights of merchant ships outside
their own waters. International law can be divided into three parts. First one
is the law of power that compromises of peace treaties, boundary agreements and
the presentation of political independence. The second one is the law of
reciprocity that covers among others, diplomatic immunities, extradition, trade
and communications. Finally category is the law of community that be found
among others in the law of international rivers, Law of sea, Law of protection
of environment etc. Peace and security will be ensured in the international
community if it is observed strictly. Some experts have divided internatiomal
law into three parts those are law of peace, law of war and law of
neutrality.
(a) Law of
peace: The situation of
keeping peaceful relation between two countries or among more countries is
known as Peaceful relation. In this time, the duties and the responsibilities
of those countries are known as included in the Law of peace. World Brotherhood,
Independence, equity etc are maintained in the Law of peace.
(b) Law of
war: The main topics of
this law are weapons, hostages, region of war, activities of war and the
maintenance of human rights during the war
(c) Law of
neutrality: When any state don’t
involve with any types of confliction on that time they maintain some rules for
using air space, underground and water boundary.
Conclusion:
To conclude, a state
will never be survived without the maintenance of International Law. So it is
an important method in the foreign affairs of every country.
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