History of Saudi Arabia:

History of Saudi Arabia:

Modern Saudi Arabia has been formed by five ancient provinces named Hijaj, Nazd, Easter Province, Asir and Hail. It was a place of long desert without any river. No one prefers to live in this region. First of all Prophet Ibrahim established here resident with her wife Hajira and his son Ismail. Then so many generations were passed away in this region. Men started to the worship of statue and Spiritual power of the nature. The political, social, economical, religious status of the Arabian Peninsula was collapsed.

Islamic  Age

  The religion of Islam became predominant beginning in the 7th century. Prophet of Islam Muhammad began preaching at Makkahbefore migrating to Medina, from where he united the tribes of Arabia into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. After the death of Prophet Muhammed (Sm) his four best companions Abu Bakr Siddiq (Ra:), Omer (Ra:), Uthman(Ra:) and Ali (Ra:) dominated  whole Muslim nation orderly. They expand the Arab nation.

After the  assassination of Al,i Mu'awiyah, who was governor of Damascus, seized power and began the Umayyad dynasty. Umayyad dynasty was end in 750 by Abbasids. They dominated the Muslim world for 550 years. They replaced the Capital of Arab from Damascus to Bagdad.  Abbasids were subverted in 1258 the Mongol general Halaku Khan. Then in 1269 the region was occupied by the Mamlukes of Egypt. They dominated this area until 1517.

Turkeys Domination:

In 1517 Turkey Ottoman Empire conquered the Egypt and they held only parts of the region under direct control. Selim 1 was the emperor on that time in Turkey. Najd was free from the control of Ottoman Empire.

Rise of house of Saud

Many Arabian local tribes ruled the Najd province. Saud dynasty was one of them. They were settled in Dariyah village. They established settlement in Wadi Hanifa in 1446. In 1720 Saud Bin Miqrim became the leader of this tribe. House of Saud has been named by his name. Just after the death of Saud his eldest son Muhammed Bin Saud became the Emir of the house of Saud.

Rise of Wahhabism and First state of Saudi Arabia

 He introduced with a religious leader named Muahmmed Bin Abdul Wahhab. Muhammed always learned about Islam from Muhammed Bin Wahhab. He married the daughter of Bin Wahhab. Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and Prince Muhammad ibn Saud formed an alliance to establish a religious & political sovereignty in the Arabian Peninsula. They started reform movement of Islam. They tried to vanish religious prejudice from the society. After the success of religious reformation they started to settle a new Arabian state. Bin Saud was died in 1765. Then his son Abdul Aziz became the leader of house of Saud. He also formed alliance with Bin Wahhab. They conquered Qasim, Southern Najd, Hijaj (Riyadh), Yemen, Syria, Oman and Karbala. Muahmmed Bin Wahhab was died in 1792 and Abdul Aziz was killed in 1802 by a Shia assassin after conquering Karbala. Then his son Saud ruled Saudi state with greatest extent. He suspended all Turks from Medina. In 1814 his son Abdullah continued to fight against the Ottoman Empire. He was seized by Ottoman Emperor. Muhammad ‘Ali was ordered to crush the state as early as December 1807 by Sultan Mustafa IV, however internal strife within Egypt prevented him from giving full attention to the Wahhabis. The Egyptians were not able to recapture the holy cities until 1811. However, it would take until September 1818 that the Wahhabi state  Abdullah was seized by Egyptian Army. He was beheaded in Istambul in 1818.

2nd State of Saudi Arabia

Turki Bin Saud re-established Riyadh in 1824. He is called as the 2nd Saudi dynasty of Saudi Arabia and   ancestor of kings of Saudi Arabia. He has made his capital Riyadh from Daria. He was also killed by his cousin. A civil war had begun among of them. In this chance Egypt recovered this area. They appointed Khalid Bin Saud as ruler of Hijaj and Najd. But he was unable to control them. In 1840, Egyptian withdraw their presence from Najd and Hizaz. Sons of Faisal Bin Turki were getting involved with civil war according to the question of domination. In this opportunity the Rashid family occupied Najd and many area of Arabian Peninsula. The leader of House of Saud Abdur Rahman exiled in Kuwait. The emir of Kuwait Mubarak Al Sabah supported him.

Rise of Abdul Aziz and the establishment of Saudi Arabia

Abdur Rahman’s wife birthed a great warrior of Arabian world in 1880 named Abdul Aziz. Abdul Aziz started dream to establish an independent. He started to establish a formation of Wahhabi colonies known as Ikhwan. They were the extreamly adhere of Hambli Mazbah. The popularity of Abdul Aziz was increased day by day.

1902: Abdul Aziz Reoccupied Riyadh.                                                      

1903: He adopted title as Sultan of Najd

1906: He conquered Qasim.

1910: Saudis force entered in Kharj and Hail

1913: He occupied Al- Hasa from the Rashid family

1915: British government signed a treaty with Abdul Aziz to fight against Turkey Ottoman Empire and to recognize him as a legal leader of Najd.This treaty was known as  Treaty of Darin.

1916: Sherif Hussain declared himself as the king of Hijaj.

1920: Saudis captured the Asir Province by the Idris.      

1921: Saudis and Wahhabis Conquered the Jabal Shammar, the region northwest of Najd. They destroyed whole Rashid family from Saudi Arabia.

1922: Saudis defeated Shalan in Jawf and created the authority of Saud.

1924:First of all Sherif Hussain declated himself as the calif of Muslim world. When Taif was conquered by Saudis from the Sherifai on that time Sherrif hussain resigned from  his leadership and he had chosen his son as the leader of Hijaj. Sherif Hussain was exiled in Cyprus. He was dead in Amman..   :

  1925: Madina was conquered. Ali resigned himself from the state of Hejaj.

1926: On 29th January, Abdul Aziz became the king of Hejaz and Sultan of Najd. Saudi   Arabia had become completely free from the Ottoman Empire.

1927:  By the Treaty of Jeddah, signed on May 20, 1927, the United Kingdom recognized the independence of Abdul Aziz's kingdom.

1932: In this year, on the day of 23rd September, the dual monarchy ended when the two areas were merged as the unified of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.   After the independence of Saudi Arabia he started to develop the poor and anarchy Saudi Arabia.

1934: The country's southern boundary with Yemen was partially defined by the 1934 Treaty of Taif, which ended a brief border war between the two states. King Abdul Aziz declared a war against the Yemeni ruler Yahiya to help the former ruler of Asir Idris. Imam Yahya was defeated. Then Abdul Aziz negotiated with him by the Treaty of Taif.

1938: Large amount of Petroleum were found at Dammam and many regions of Saudi Arabia in this year and they had begun to develop the country.

 1953: King Abdul Aziz was died in this Year and his son King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz became the king of Saudi Arabia.   , Saud, who reigned for 11 years.

 1964:  Saud was forced to abdicate in favour of his half-brother, Faisal, who had served as Foreign Minister.

 1973:  Arab-Israeli War, launched by Sadat, Faisal withdrew Saudi oil from world markets, in protest over Western support for Israel during the conflict. This action quadrupled the price of oil and was the primary force behind the 1973 energy crisis. It was to be the defining act of Faisal's career, and gained him lasting prestige among many Arabs and Muslims worldwide.

 1974: In this year he was named Time magazine's Man of the Year,

 March 25, 1975: Faisal was shot point-blank and killed by his half-brother's son, Faisal bin Musa'id

 1975: King Khaled became the king of  Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1975-82.

1982: Fahad became the king of Saudi Arabia. He ruled this country for 23 years from 1982-2005. He had brought a lot of changes in Saudi Arabia.

2005: After the death of King Fahad, his half brother Prince Abdullah has become the King of Saudi Arabia. He is ruling Saudi Arabia till now.

Geographical Profile of Saudi Arabia

Official Name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

                        Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah

Data code: KSA

Government Type:  Monarchy

Area: 2,240,000 sq km (about 865,000 sq mi). or 830000 sq mile(2331000 sq.km) (Geographia of the Muslim World:247)

Capital: Riyadh (4.3 million).

Cities: Capital--Riyadh (4.3 million). Other cities--Jeddah (3.4 million), Makkah, (1.6 million), Dammam /Dhahran, (1.6 million).(2006)

Provinces: 13 provinces (mintaqat, singular—mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern Province), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk

Boarder Area : total: 4,431 km  border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

Coastline: 2,640 km

Neighborhood Countries: Saudi Arabia occupies four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered to the northwest by Jordan, to the north by Iraq and Kuwait, to the west by the Red sea and to the east Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman, and to the south by Yemen.

Ports and harbors: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ra's al Khafji, Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Madinat Yanbu' al Sinaiyah

Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 45 00 E

lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m  highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m

Terrain: Deserts, plateaus, mountains in the southwest

Population: According to the 1992 census, Saudi Arabia had a population of 16,929,294. The 1997 estimate is 20,087,965, yielding an average population density of 10 persons per sq km (25 per sq mi)

 17.2 million (1994),21.1 million (2000), 21,504,613 (July 1999 est.) note: includes 5,321,938 non-nationals (July 1999 est.)

27 million (2006; Saudi citizens 72.2%; 27.8% non-Saudi residents),   28.7 million  (23.1 million Saudis, 5.6 million foreign nationals). (July 2010 est.): 31.1 million (Geographia of Muslim World: 2010)

Age structure:  0-14 years: 38.2%

15-64 years: 59.4%  65 years and over: 2.4% (2005 est.)

Median age : 21.28 years male: 22.84 years female: 19.28 years (2005 est.)

Population Growth Rate: 3.39% (1999 est.), 2.31% (2005 est.), 1.8%(2010 est.)

Birth Rate: 37.38 births/1,000 population (1999 est.), 29.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death Rate: 4.86 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.), 2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nationality:

 Life expectancy at birth: 70.55 years 

Language: The national language is Arabic. English is spoken in business circles.

Ethnic Groups: : Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Religion: The majority of Saudi Arabians are Sunni Muslim, but Shi´ites predominate in the Eastern Province. The Wahhabi sect, comprised of reformers who settled in Arabia during the 18th century and who have sought to purify and simplify the practice of Islam, has greatly influenced the Sunnites of Saudi Arabia.

Flag Description: : Green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam.

National Symbol:

Weather and Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature

Currency: Saudi Riyal,Halala (100 Halala=1 Riyal)

1 US Dollar = 3.75077 Saudi Riyal  1 Saudi Riyal (SAR) = 0.26661 US Dollar (USD)

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Air-port: There are three International air-ports in Saudi Arabia. They are King Fahd International Airport in Dammam, King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah and the King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh

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